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Psychological Aspects of Obesity
Mašková, Eva ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Šivicová, Gabriela (referee)
The aim of this thesis "Psychological Aspects of Obesity" is to summarize psychological findings of causes and consequences of obesity, the most common health problem in the world. This thesis extends the topic of the diploma thesis entitled "The Psychological problems of Obesity." The theoretical part deals with many key issues of obesity, from definition through the epidemiology, etiology and obesity prevention and treatment. However the main topics of this thesis are the psychological characteristics associated with obesity. It includes personality factors of obese people, willpower and self- control and specific psychopathology. The research part of this thesis is mapping the occurrence of a specific psychopathological phenomena focusing on the emotional eating disorder, night eating syndrome, binge eating and symptoms of eating disorder. A total of 80 participants who were diagnosed with obesity, combined I. - III. class, attended educational- recondition stay organised by Third Internal Clinic of The General University Hospital in Prague and University Physical Educational Unity. Applied methods were "Eating Behavior and Emotionality Questionnaire" (JICHEM), "The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0" (EDE - Q) and "The Night Eating Questionnaire" (NEQ). The data of quantitative...
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Peak religious experiences and question of psychopatology
Vaněčková, Anna ; Vojtíšek, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Motl, Jiří (referee)
The diploma work reflects the different attitudes to evaluation of extraordinary religions experiences. The objective is to compare different ways of comprehension and evaluation of extraordinary religious experiences and thereby provide suggestions for further consideration of these experiences with a view to pathology and normality. In the theoretical part firstly the general term of the religious experience is determined further the definition of the extraordinary religious experiences follows. Using the example of three types of different religious experiences the psychological, psychiatric and religious attitudes are compared. Further two general attitudes to the extraordinary religious experiences are compared form the point of view of pathology and normality. The conclusion of the theoretical part offers suggestions for consideration of extraordinary religious experiences. The practical part, based on the qualitative research, surveys the experiences of five persons that went through an extraordinary religious experience which is considered by them as religious or spiritual. The research was carried out by means of the semistructured interview and loosely adjusted graphical projective technique called the "Axis of Life". By analyzing the performed interviews answers to questions how the...
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Psychiatry, mental illness and culture
Müller, Matyáš ; Komárek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Fulka, Josef (referee)
The aim of the dissertation is to treat psychiatry and mental illness from the anthropological point of view. The topic is treated at three levels. First, I describe psychiatry as a specific culture's product, and I explore how it constitutes itself as an unbiased science. I conclude that in spite of developing its scientific aspect, its human-science aspect is neglected, stuck in the 19th century's paradigm of evolutionism. Although there is a number of sources of a new less scientistic and ethnocentric and more reflexive paradigm nowadays, it still seems to be more a vision than reality due to the institutional toughness of the present paradigm. Second, I study "mental illness" as an abstract concept. I ask if the Western psychiatry's classification is universal and I explore various culturally specific forms of mental illness and its conceptualizations. Third, partially grounded in my fieldwork, I ask how abstract psychiatric terminology is embodied in a concrete human being and how the sufferer's point of view differs from the one of the professional in the mental health care. The dissertation intends to show that despite all the three levels being interlocked, their unity is not self-evident but is always constructed and contested.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1 and depression. Psychopathology by somatic deseases
Komorousová, Jana ; Beran, Jiří (advisor) ; Lacigová, Silvie (referee) ; Jirák, Roman (referee)
Diabetes mellitus is a severe chronic life-long disease. The condition itself introduces a need for patient's lifestyle adjustment to the disease and a number of everyday therapeutic and diagnostic restrictions. Therefore, mental disorders are more common in diabetic patients than in the rest of the population. Biochemical and hormonal connections between mental disorders and diabetes mellitus represent another reason for their higher incidence in diabetic patients. Comorbid mental diseases can further negatively influence the course of diabetes. They are especially depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and cognitive disorders including dementia. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in patients with primary mental disease, as is e.g. schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Regarding therapy, psychoactive drugs are used in diabetic patients. It is important to respect the specifics of the underlining disease during drug selection. The main factor for the selection of the medication is, apart of mental problems, the influence on body weight and blood glucose. Mental disorders can be also treated by psychotherapy and psychoeducation. Studies performed in diabetic patients with mental problems suggest the need for intervention in this area. The practical part of the work introduces a...
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Influence of culture on the conception of mental illness.
Janíková, Martina ; Hnilica, Karel (advisor) ; Zoufalá, Marcela (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to describe sociocultural aspects of mental illness. The thesis concerns with sociocultural influences on formation and conceptualization of illness explanatory models that shape unstructured fyziological phenomenon into structured experience. Specific cultural content of biological categories is the foundation of health care systems, lay conceptions and prejudices and determines social status of the mentally ill. Also attitudes of society towards its deviant members reflect her essential characteristics. Therefore, this thesis outlines historical and cross-cultural transformations of mental illness within the broad social context. Describes health care system as a specific layer of social and symbolic reality and points out the influence of dominant psychiatric discourse on the conception of illness. Attention was also paied to media selective portrayals of mental illness that were proved to strenghten negative stereotypes. Mental illnesses, how was shown, differs cross-culturally. Though basic psychiatric syndromes occur in every society, culture promotes and shapes particular symptoms, so that progress and prognosis can be very different. We can, therefore, conclude that every illness is in a way culture-related.
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Contribution of brain magnetic resonance imaging to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
Efremova, Andrea ; Hrdlička, Michal (advisor) ; Koutek, Jiří (referee) ; Hosák, Ladislav (referee)
Aim. The aim of the present work is to examine and compare brain abnormalities found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and in children without this diagnosis. In terms of psychopathology, the aim is to evaluate a possible relationship between the MRI findings and the severity of autistic symptomatology. Methods. The research study is based on a retrospective analysis of a sample of patients who attended a diagnostic examination focused on ASD and at the same time underwent brain MRI at the Department of Child Psychiatry of the Second Faculty of Medicine at Charles University and University Hospital Motol between the years 1998 and 2015. For clinical diagnosis of ASD, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), was used. Between 1998 and 1999, the assessment of patients was supported by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Starting in 2000, the third version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised was used for assessments; and from 2012 onwards, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Generic was added to the diagnostic procedures. From 1998 to 2015, a total of 489 children were diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (404 boys, 85 girls). The mean age in the group was 8.0 ± 4.2 years (range...
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Psychopathology of early-onset schizophrenia and its therapy with focus on atypical neuroleptics
Koblic Zedková, Iveta ; Hrdlička, Michal (advisor) ; Bareš, Martin (referee) ; Stárková, Libuše (referee)
OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to assess clinical presentation of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disoders (EO-SSD), the time to first improvement and efficacy associated with selected atypical (AAPs) and typical (TAPs) antipsychotics, as well as two main side effects - weight gain and treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs) during the treatment in patients with EO-SSD. METHODS: This was a systematic chart review of all patients receiving routine clinical care in our department, with selected AAPs (risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, quetiapine and clozapine) and TAPs (haloperidol, perphenazine and sulpiride), for schizophrenic psychoses, between 1997 and 2007. During this period, our review identified 173 patients (85 males, 88 females; mean age 15.8±1.6 years); their treatment included 297 treatment trials. Data on premorbid adjustment, prodromal symptoms and psychopathology at admission, as well as comorbidity were evaluated based on the patients' medical records. The time to first improvement could be estimated in 258 treatment trials; of these, 195 (76%) comprised AAPs and 63 (24%) TAPs. The time to first improvement was assessed in agreement with the methodology established for retrospective studies as the number of treatment days prior to the first record of improvement...
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Person-Centered Approach in clinical practice
Dizon, Adam ; Adámková, Jana (advisor) ; Goldmann, Petr (referee)
This thesis explores the position of Person-Centred Approach (PCA) in the practice of Czech clinical psychologists and psychiatrists who went through the PCA psychotherapy training and they use this approach in their current clinical practice. The main principles of PCA theory (1), principles of biomedical model in which clinical practice is rooted (2) and the new forms of person-centred psychopathology and psychodiagnosis (3) are the theoretical background of the following research. Based on the qualitative analysis of five recorded interviews (three clinical psychologists, two psychiatrists) the experience of the respondents is organised as comprehensive concepts concerning various areas and topics of the clinical practice (diagnosis, psychotherapy, dealing with PCA, dealing with biomedical model, therapeutic relationship, relation to the profession). Several common mechanisms are identified in the concept's dynamics. Through these mechanisms Person-Centred Approach is applied in areas and activities mentioned. The concepts based on experience and the PCA application mechanisms enrich the theories and ongoing research of PCA practice in the Western mental health care. Key words: Person-Centred Approach, Client-Centred Therapy, psychiatry, clinical psychology, psychotherapy, psychodiagnosis,...
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